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V F Murphy Saturday 2nd October 2004

What is a medical engineer?

Medical Engineering.... the application of Engineering to... Medicine:MedicalEngineer.co.uk

Medical Engineering in itself is perhaps best defined as the application

of Engineering Principles to the furthering of Medicine. However all-

encompassing that definition however may be, it is important to gain

an understanding of the great range of fields which constititute what is,

for a relatively new discipline, a broad church.

I can\'t view Active X : Is there another version of the calculators?

We regret that all available calculators are online already. However,

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If I give information in the forums, do I still retain any copyright etc?

If in doubt it is always best to add a full reference:MedicalEngineer.co.uk Yes. Making information available in the forums of Medical Engineer

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Atherosclerosis Diagnosis

V F Murphy Sunday 20th June 2004

Atherosclerosis is a disease characterised by the build up of scleroid lesions, termed atheroma. These atheroma take the form of porridgelike blockages within the human circulatory system.

These blockages act to distrupt the normal course of circulation, leading to infarction, whereby blood is unable to reach a certain area, or the formation of thrombosis, where the blood effectively clots within arteries or veins. These can lead to heart attacks, or strokes.

Assessment of the Arm Brachial Index, whereby the blood pressure ratios within the body are measured can point towards some form of circulatory obstruction, typically atherosclerosis. This test may be performed easily within a primary health clinic as a screening factor for such heart disease

If obstruction is suspected in a given area, it is possible to implement a doppler technique, which, through reflecting soundwaves from the region, is able to determine whether the flow is turbulent (mucky sound), or lami…

All About Cell Membranes

V F Murphy Sunday 18th April 2004

Cells, especially eukaryotic cells, have prominent delimiting thin films which are termed \'cell membranes\'. These membranes implement a vast array of cellular functionality, from retention and seperation, to the transport of solutes.

The primary roles of the cell membrane are to:

- Form the boundary of a cell

- Provide a reaction and attachment surface

- Permit transport of substances in and out of the cell

- Hold equipment that senses extracellular parameters

- Permit cell-to-cell signalling (intercellular signalling).

The structure of cell membranes was discovered by Signer and Nicolson to be that of the \'Fluid Mosaic Model\'. This model is generally accepted as the membrane structure. In this article, we discuss only this Fluid Mosaic Model, as it is universally recognised as accurate.

The Fluid phase of the membrane is made up of Membrane Lipids. These make up a lipid bilayer, first proposed by Gorter and Grendel. The bilipid layer means that there are t…

UI or IU units for enzymes

John Andrews Friday 8th August 2003

What's UI stand for? UI stands for UnitÃ© International and is the established usage in most of the world excluding North America, where the alternative units of IU (international unit) are used. The units are however interchangable. What are they? UI refers to the activity of a substance. The substance is typically a vitamin or a drug, and the activity refers to the actual effectiveness of the substance. Each substance has an internationally agreed biological effect which relates to a dose of 1 UI. How to calculate using UI Most substances are shipped marked with a value of UI, IU, or Units per mg. For example a vial of collagenase may be marked 1601 U/mg, implying that 1601 units are present in each milligramme. Should one require 100,000 units, then it is a straight forward matter of ratios to find that 62.46mg are required. Word of warning Not all substances have a definate mass equivalent to 1 UI, due to variation between preparations of the substances,…

Haemophilia carrying protects heart

Sources: The BBC, The Lancet Sunday 3rd August 2003

A team lead by Professor Frits Rosendaal from Leiden University in the Netherlands undertook a study in which the mothers of known persons with haemophilia were reviewed for causes of mortality. This was standardised against the general Dutch female population and adjusted for age and calendar period via the standardised mortality ratio. Protection Afforded The team found that being a carrer of haemophilia gave a 36 percent reduction in mortality due to ischaemic heart disease. Overall there was a 22 percent reduction in mortality. Importance The study reinforces the importance of clotting in ischaemic heart disease and its further treatment. It is interesting to note this positive side to the devestating disease of haemophilia which may help to explain the continued presence of this genetic abnormality throughout history. References

Rosendall, Kriek & Sramek. Decreased mortaity of ischaemic heart disease among carriers of haemophilia. Lancet . 2003; 362: 351-54

BBC …

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Renal Microcirculation

V F Murphy Saturday 31st May 2003

Introduction The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney itself. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn brach into interlobar arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces a lot of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal urethra.

By this point it is hoped that the fluid within the renal tubules has obtained significant concentration, similar to that of urine. This is important because undoubtedly one of the major functions of the kidney is that of water conservation. If one co…

Medical Engineering FAQ

V F Murphy Monday 26th May 2003

Introduction Medical Engineering in itself is perhaps best defined as the application of Engineering Principles to the furthering of Medicine. However all- encompassing that definition however may be, it is important to gain an understanding of the great range of fields which constititute what is, for a relatively new discipline, a broad church.

The implications of medical engineering [aka biomedical engineering] in the future are surely the greatest in any industry, and has fueled many of the greatest success stories in medicine in our time. Medical Engineering : A community Medical Engineering...is the application of Engineering Principles to the furthering of Medicine:MedicalEngineer.co.uk There is a long established tradition of collaboration and the sharing of crucial knowledge in the medical and scientific communities. We at Medical Engineer embrace this by providing for your use a range of communication tools, information, as well as our popular Job Site, which …

Valve positions in the cardiac cycle

V F Murphy Monday 26th May 2003

Describe the sequence of valve positions in the four phases of the cardiac cycle and the corresponding changes in volume and pressure in each chamber Introduction The heart provides the vital function of facilitating convective transport of nutrients and metabolites through the body.:V F Murphy The heart provides the vital function of facilitating convective transport of nutrients and metabolites through the body. An understanding of the heart is essential for the structure function relationships of both closely associated vessels and those more distal. The understanding of the nature of pulsatile flow, for example, may be an important consideration in the understanding of trigger mechanisms for atherosclerosis. Anatomical Aspects The heart consists essentially of two conjoined pumps, each with two chambers. The two pumps provide for two separate circulatory systems ¨C the pulmonary circulation, and the systemic circulation.

Referring to figure 2, below, each …